鶴

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See also: 鹤
鶴 U+9DB4, 鶴
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9DB4
← 鶳
[U+9DB3] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 鶵 →
[U+9DB5]

鶴 U+FA2D, 鶴
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA2D
← 館
[U+FA2C] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 郞 →
[U+FA2E]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

鶴 (Kangxi radical 196, 鳥+10, 21 strokes, cangjie input 十土竹日火 (JGHAF) or 人土竹日火 (OGHAF), four-corner 47227, composition ⿰隺鳥)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1496, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 47185
  • Dae Jaweon: page 2026, character 10
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4654, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+9DB4

Chinese[edit]

trad. 鶴
simp. 鹤
alternative forms 鸖
䳽／𮹙
隺
Wikipedia has an article on:

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (寉) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
鶴 *ɡloːwɢ
髉 *pqroːwɢ
篧 *skroːwɢ, *sɡroːwɢ
榷 *kroːwɢ
搉 *kroːwɢ, *kroːwɢ, *kʰroːwɢ
傕 *kroːwɢ
確 *kʰroːwɢ
寉 *ɡluːwɢ
蒮 *luwɢ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡloːwɢ) : phonetic 寉 (OC *ɡluːwɢ) + semantic 鳥.

Etymology[edit]

Possibly from Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *kl(uə)k (“white”), whence Proto-Vietic *t-lɔːk (“white”) but Old Mon kloh (“crane”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • heh5 - vernacular;
  • hah5 - literary.
Note:
  • ho̍h - vernacular;
  • ho̍k - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 鶴
Mandarin Beijing /xɤ⁵¹/
/xɑu³⁵/
Harbin /xau²⁴/
/xɤ⁵³/
Tianjin /xɑu⁴⁵/
/xɤ⁵³/
Jinan /xə²¹³/
/xə²¹/ 新
Qingdao /xə⁴²/
Zhengzhou /xɤ²⁴/
Xi'an /xuo²¹/
Xining /xɔ⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /xə¹³/
Lanzhou /xə⁵³/
Ürümqi /xɤ²¹³/
Wuhan /xuo²¹³/
Chengdu /xo³¹/
Guiyang /xo²¹/
Kunming /xo³¹/
Nanjing /xoʔ⁵/
Hefei /xɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /xəʔ²/
Pingyao /xʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot /xaʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /ŋoʔ¹/
Suzhou /ŋoʔ³/
Hangzhou /ŋoʔ²/
Wenzhou /ŋo²¹³/
Hui Shexian /xɔ²²/
Tunxi /xo¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /xo²⁴/
Xiangtan /ho²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /hɔʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /hok̚⁵/
Taoyuan /hok̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hɔk̚²/
Nanning /hɔk̚²²/
Hong Kong /hɔk̚²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hɔk̚⁵/
/hoʔ⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /houʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ɔ⁴⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /hoʔ⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hɔk̚⁵/
/hak̚³/
Rime
Character 鶴
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 唐 (103)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 下各切
Baxter hak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦɑk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦɑk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣɑk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦak̚/
Li
Rong 		/ɣɑk̚/
Wang
Li 		/ɣɑk̚/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ɣɑk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		hé
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hok6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 鶴 鶴
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hè hè
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hæwk › ‹ hak ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɡ]ˁrawk/ /*[ɡ]ˁawk/
English white (of birds) crane

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 鶴
Reading # 1/1
No. 5092
Phonetic
component 		寉
Rime
group 		藥
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		涸
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡloːwɢ/

Definitions[edit]

鶴

  1. crane (bird)
  2. white
  3. a surname

Compounds[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

鶴

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
鶴
つる
Grade: S
kun’yomi
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
鶴 (tsuru, tazu): the Japanese crane, Grus japonensis
Commons:Category
Commons:Category
Wikimedia Commons has more media related to: Gruidae
鶴 (tsuru): an origami crane
Commons:Category
Commons:Category
Wikimedia Commons has more media related to: Origami crane
鶴 (tsuru): the tsuru no maru, one of many 家紋 (kamon, “family crests”) in the depiction of a crane
Commons:Category
Commons:Category

Given a crane's long neck and how the bird hunts, possibly related to 蔓 (tsuru, “vine”); 弦 (tsuru, “bowstring; musical instrument string”); 釣る, 吊る (tsuru, “to hang down; to string up; to fish”). Given how cranes flock together, possibly related also to 連る (tsuru), older root form of modern verb 連れる (tsureru, “to accompany”). That said, 連る also appears to ultimately derive from 蔓 (tsuru, “vine”).

Vovin (2008) considers it possibly related to an ancestor of Korean 두루미 (durumi, “crane”), with a root-final -m vanishing later, leaving only a Kansai accent pattern behind.[1] May ultimately be a regional Wanderwort. Compare also Proto-Finno-Ugric *tërka (“crane”), and Proto-Turkic *turunya (“crane”) (whence Turkish turna), Mongolian тогоруу (togoruu, “crane”). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

The reading tsuru is first seen used to mean “a crane” from the late Heian period. Prior to that time, the only reading used for the bird was tazu. However, the kanji 鶴 was used in the Man'yōshū (759 CE) as a 借訓 (shakkun) reading for つる (turu → tsuru), the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of つ (tu → tsu, auxiliary verb of affirmation, certainty, or completion), suggesting that tsuru may have already existed as an everyday term meaning “a crane”.[2]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

鶴(つる) or 鶴(ツル) • (tsuru) 

  1. a crane (large, long-legged and long-necked bird of the family Gruidae)
  2. Short for 折鶴 (orizuru): a paper crane, the archetypical origami design
  3. Short for 鶴嘴 (tsuruhashi): a pickaxe
  4. a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) depicting a crane
  5. (euphemistic) white hair
    Synonym: 白髪 (shiraga)
  6. a decoration made of straws and reeds in the form of two cranes, used during the 14th year of the first month in the former town of Sakurajima, Kagoshima Prefecture
Usage notes[edit]

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as ツル.

Derived terms[edit]
Idioms[edit]
Proverbs[edit]

Proper noun[edit]

鶴(つる) • (Tsuru) 

  1. a female given name
  2. a surname

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
鶴
たず
Grade: S
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
田鶴

/tadu/ → /tad͡zu/ → /tazu/

From Old Japanese.[2][3]

Speculatively, this could be analyzed as a compound of た (ta, possibly 田 (“rice paddy”), where cranes are known to hunt) +‎ つ (*tsu, uncertain, possibly “a large bird”), wherein the tsu changes to dzu, modern zu, as an instance of rendaku (連濁). This tsu may be the tsu in modern tsuru above. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

鶴(たず) • (tazu) ←たづ (tadu)?

  1. (archaic, poetic) a crane (large, long-legged and long-necked bird of the family Gruidae)
Usage notes[edit]

This reading is now reserved for poetry.[2][3]

Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
鶴
かく
Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 鶴 (MC hak).

Compare modern Mandarin 鶴／鹤 (hè).

Affix[edit]

鶴(かく) • (kaku) 

  1. crane (large bird of the family Gruidae)
  2. cranelike
Derived terms[edit]
Idioms[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Bjarke Frellesvig and John Whitman, editors (2008), chapter 7, in Proto-Japanese: Issues and Prospects, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, Proto-Japanese beyond the accent system, pages 140-156
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 鶴 (MC hak).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅘᅡᆨ〮 (Yale: hhák)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[1] 학〮 (Yale: hák) 학〮 (Yale: hák)

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

鶴 (eumhun 두루미 학 (durumi hak))

  1. Hanja form? of 학 (“crane (bird)”). [noun]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Kunigami[edit]

Kanji[edit]

鶴

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Okinawan[edit]

Kanji[edit]

鶴

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Kanji in this term
鶴
ちる
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *turum.

Cognate with Japanese 鶴 (tsuru).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

鶴(ちる) (chiru) 

  1. a crane (large, long-legged and long-necked bird of the family Gruidae)

Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ “チル” in Okinawa Center of Language Study, Shuri-Naha Dialect Dictionary (archived; reopens 2024).(permanent dead link)

Old Japanese[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Possibly a compound of 田 (ta, “rice paddy”, where cranes are known to hunt) +‎ つ (*tu, uncertain, possibly “a large bird”). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Noun[edit]

鶴 (tadu) (kana たづ)

  1. a crane (large, long-legged and long-necked bird of the family Gruidae)
    • 711–712, Kojiki, (poem 85):
      阿麻登夫登理母都加比曾多豆賀泥能岐許延牟登岐波和賀那斗波佐泥
      ama-to2bu to2ri mo2 tukapi1 so2 tadu ga ne no2 ki1ko2yemu to2ki1 pa waga na to1pasane
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 7, poem 1199:
      , text here
      藻苅舟奧榜來良之妹之嶋形見之浦爾鶴翔所見
      mokari-bune oki1 ko2gi1kurasi Imogasima Katami1-no2-ura ni tadu kake2ru mi1yu
      Rowing the seaweed-gathering boat out to sea and back again, I saw the cranes soaring by Katami inlet on Imogashima.
    • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:鶴.
Quotations[edit]

For quotations using this term, see Citations:鶴.

Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
  • Japanese: 鶴 (tazu)

Etymology 2[edit]

The 借訓 (shakkun) reading of modern Japanese 鶴 (tsuru, “crane”). In turn, from Proto-Japonic *turum (“crane”).

Phonogram[edit]

鶴 (turu)

  1. Denotes phonographic disyllable turu.

Descendants[edit]

  • Japanese: 鶴 (tsuru, “crane”)

Further reading[edit]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

鶴: Hán Nôm readings: hạc

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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