串

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串 U+4E32, 串
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E32
← 丱
[U+4E31] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 丳 →
[U+4E33]
串 U+F905, 串
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F905
← 滑
[U+F904] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 句 →
[U+F906]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order

Han character[edit]

串 (Kangxi radical 2, 丨+6, 7 strokes, cangjie input 中中 (LL), four-corner 50006, composition ⿻吕丨)

Derived characters[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Chinese Wikisource has digitized text of the Kangxi Dictionary entry for 串:
[[wikisource:zh:康熙字典/丨部/六畫#串|丨部/六畫]]

Wikisource


  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 80, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 80
  • Dae Jaweon: page 162, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 30, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+4E32

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 串
Shang Warring States Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Transcribed ancient scripts
Bronze inscriptions

b00680

b00681

b00682

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Pictogram (象形) – objects strung together.

Etymology 1[edit]

simp. and trad.
 串

Cognate with 穿 (OC *kʰljon, *kʰljons, “to pierce through; to wear”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • chhǹg - vernacular;
  • chhoàn - literary.
Note:
  • cuang3 - Shantou;
  • cuêng3 - Chaozhou.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 串
Reading # 2/2
No. 1647
Phonetic
component 		串
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		釧
Old
Chinese 		/*kʰjons/

Definitions[edit]

串

  1. to string together; to link up
  2. string; chain; series of objects
  3. skewer
    串燒／串烧  ―  chuànshāo  ―  food roasted on a skewer
    羊肉串  ―  yángròuchuàn  ―  mutton kebab
  4. Classifier for strung, bunched or clustered objects.
    一串珠子  ―  yī chuàn zhūzǐ  ―  a string of beads
    一串鞭炮  ―  yī chuàn biānpào  ―  a string of firecrackers
    一串葡萄  ―  yī chuàn pútáo  ―  a bunch of grapes
  5. to cross; to criss-cross; to traverse to; to mix (undesirably)
  6. (literary, or in compounds) to gang up on; to conspire; to collaborate
  7. to pay a visit to; to visit; to move about
  8. (literary, or in compounds) to play a role; to act; to perform
    客串  ―  kèchuàn  ―  to give a guest performance
  9. (chiefly Taiwan, Internet) thread
  10. (Cantonese) to spell a word in Roman letters
  11. (Cantonese, slang, may be derived from 串聯 during the Cultural Revolution) cocksure; arrogant; cocky
    alt. forms: 寸 (cùn)
  12. (Cantonese, slang) to humiliate; to provoke
    alt. forms: 寸 (cùn)
Synonyms[edit]
  • (bunch):
Dialectal synonyms of 串 (“bunch (classifier for grapes, etc.)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 串
Mandarin Beijing 嘟嚕, 串兒
Taiwan 串
Jinan 嘟嚕
Xi'an 串兒, 抓兒
Wuhan 掛, 串
Chengdu 抓, 串
Yangzhou 掛
Hefei 掛
Cantonese Guangzhou 抽, 藭
Hong Kong 抽
Yangjiang 杛
Gan Nanchang 掛
Hakka Meixian 串, 車
Jin Taiyuan 嘟嚕
Northern Min Jian'ou 掛, 串
Eastern Min Fuzhou 掛
Southern Min Xiamen 捾
Quanzhou 捾
Zhangzhou 捾
Chaozhou 球
Jieyang 球
Wu Suzhou 串
Wenzhou 串
Xiang Changsha 掛, 梂
Shuangfeng 絡, 抓
  • (to mix):
  • (to gang up on):
  • (to pay a visit):
  • (to play a role):
  • (to walk about):

Compounds[edit]

Descendants[edit]

  • → Hong Kong English: inch (“cocky, etc.”) (semantic loan)

Etymology 2[edit]

simp. and trad.
 串
alternative forms 𰀁

Cognate with 貫 (OC *koːn, *koːns, “to penetrate”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Rime
Character 串
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 刪 (70)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) II
Fanqie 古患切
Baxter kwaenH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kˠuanH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kʷᵚanH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kuɐnH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kwaɨnH/
Li
Rong 		/kuanH/
Wang
Li 		/kwanH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kwanH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		guàn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gwaan3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 串
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		guàn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kwænH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kˁro[n]-s/
English custom

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 串
Reading # 1/2
No. 1646
Phonetic
component 		串
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		慣
Old
Chinese 		/*kroːns/

Definitions[edit]

串

  1. † to get close to; to fawn on; to be obsequious to; to curry favor with
  2. † people on intimate terms
  3. † habit; custom
  4. † to joke; to banter

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

simp. and trad.
 串

Pronunciation[edit]

Definitions[edit]

串

  1. Used in 串夷.

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

串

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings[edit]

From 串 (MC *tsyhwen, “skewer; traverse; visit; perform”):

From 串 (MC kwaenH, “curry favor; custom, habit”):

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
串
くし
Grade: S
kun’yomi
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

/kusi/ → /kuɕi/

From Old Japanese.[1] Appears in the Nihon Shoki, finished CE 720.

Cognate with 櫛 (kushi, “comb”).[2]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

串(くし) • (kushi) 

  1. a skewer, spit
    Synonyms: 串刺し (kushizashi), 焼き串 (yakigushi)
  2. any slender object that can pierce other objects, especially:
    1. (Shinto) Short for 玉串 (tamagushi): a branch of a 榊 (sakaki) tree used as a Shinto offering
      • c. 1120–1140, Konjaku Monogatarishū (book 24, story 51)
        其(そ)の御(ご)幣(へい)の串(くし)に書(かき)付(つけ)て奉(たてまつ)りたりける
        sono gohei no kushi ni kakitsukete tatematsuritarikeru
        That branch of streamers, written and presented...
    2. Short for 幕串 (makugushi): a post used to hang a curtain
  3. a candle's wick
    Synonym: 芯 (shin)
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

Proper noun[edit]

串(くし) • (Kushi) 

  1. a surname

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
串
くし
Grade: S
(ateji)
kun’yomi

Clipping of プロクシ, from English proxy; possibly reinforced by the idea of "going through". Kanji is an ateji (当て字).

Noun[edit]

串(くし) • (kushi) 

  1. (slang, computing) a proxy server
    Synonyms: プロキシ (purokishi), プロクシ (purokushi), プロクシサーバー (purokushi sābā), 串鯖 (kushisaba, literally “skewer mackerel”)
    中(ちゅう)国(ごく)串(くし)
    Chūgoku kushi
    a Chinese proxy
Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  3. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Middle Chinese 串 (MC kwaenH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 관〮 (Yale: kwán)

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

串 (eumhun 익힐 관 (ikhil gwan))

  1. Hanja form? of 관 (“to become habituated to something”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 2[edit]

From Late Middle Chinese 串 (LMC *tʂʰyanH).

Hanja[edit]

串 (eumhun 꿰미 천 (kkwemi cheon))

  1. Hanja form? of 천 (“string; chain; skewer”).
  2. Hanja form? of 관 (“to string; to thread; to skewer”).
  3. Hanja form? of 천 (“receipt”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 3[edit]

Misreading of Middle Chinese 丳 (MC tsrheanX).

Hanja[edit]

串 (eumhun 꼬챙이 찬 (kkochaeng'i chan))

  1. Hanja form? of 찬 (“skewer”).
    Synonym: 丳 (찬 (chan))

Etymology 4[edit]

Related to Middle Korean 곶다〮 (Yale: kwòctá).

Hanja[edit]

串 (eumhun 땅 이름 곶 (ttang ireum got))

  1. Hanja form? of 곶 (“used as a suffix in placenames”).
  2. Hanja form? of 곶 (“cape”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Old Japanese[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Japonic *kusi.

Cognate with 櫛 (kusi, “comb”).[1]

Noun[edit]

串 (kusi) (kana くし)

  1. tine, stake, skewer: any slender object that can pierce other objects

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

  • Japanese: 串 (kushi)

References[edit]

  1. ^ “串”, in デジタル大辞泉‎[1] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months

Vietnamese[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Han character[edit]

串: Hán Việt readings: quán (古(cổ)患(hoạn)切(thiết))[2][1][3]
串: Nôm readings: xiên[2], xuyên[2], xuyến[2], quán[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of quán (“to string an object”).

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Bonet (1899).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Trần (2004).
  3. ^ Génibrel (1898).
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